Method and apparatus for detecting target substances using gradient determination

ABSTRACT

Methods and devices for sampling, processing and identifying use of a substance or substances of abuse are provided. Systems and kits for sampling, processing and identifying acute use of a substance of abuse is also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/790,457, filed Feb. 13, 2020; which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/958,616, filed Apr. 20, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,641,783, issued May 5, 2020; which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/641,412, filed Mar. 8, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,970,950, issued May 15, 2018; which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/950,173, filed Mar. 9, 2014; all of the aforementioned priority applications being hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

It is well known that operating a vehicle under the influence of substances that impair operating conditions is dangerous. For example, dangers of driving a car under the influence of alcohol or drugs of abuse are established. With alcohol, existing breathalyzer often used by law enforcement officers roadside can determine the level of alcohol in the driver's system at the time of administering the breathalyzer test. However, no such device exists in the market place that can detect and quantify tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels—the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis—of suspected users operating a vehicle when pulled over by a law enforcement officer roadside.

With legalization of marijuana expanding and the risk of marijuana-associated impaired driving increasing, there is a need for a device that can quantify THC (and other substances of abuse) levels of suspected users roadside to establish recent or acute consumption or use of marijuana alone or in combination with other substances of abuse such as alcohol, codeine, cocaine, morphine, or methamphetamine.

SUMMARY

The purpose and advantages of the present disclosure will be set forth in and apparent from the description that follows, as well as will be learned by practice of the disclosure. Additional advantages of the present disclosure will be realized and attained by the methods and systems particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof, as well as from the appended drawings.

To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present disclosure, as embodied herein and broadly described, the present disclosure includes devices and methods for acute detection of target substance under analysis such that where acute detection of one or more target substances provide confirmation of recent use or ingestion of the target substance. For example, the detection devices of the various embodiments of the present disclosure provides confirmation of recent use or ingestion of one or more of cannabis, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, or other substance of abuse. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide compact, handheld detection devices for use such as in road-side testing by law enforcement, testing in public and private locations such as schools (e.g., school dances), at home, or place of business, to determine whether a person or persons is under the influence of one or more of the target substances.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, there is provided a method that includes performing acquisition of a sample having a plurality of analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively; and generating an output signal based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the acute detection of target substance(s) in the sample.

A method in accordance with another embodiment includes performing acquisition of a sample having one or more analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively, generating an output signal based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the presence in the sample of target substance associated with the one or more of the analysis substances, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, where the first analysis substance is the same as the second analysis substance, and further, where the output signal confirms the acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when a determined gradient corresponds to a predetermined gradient, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance and the detected second analysis substance.

A method in still a further embodiment includes performing acquisition of a sample having one or more analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, and a third substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the second analysis substance, and generating an output signal based on the executed first, second and third substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the presence in the sample of target substance associated with the one or more of the analysis substances, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine and further where the output signal confirms acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when (1) a determined gradient of the first analysis substance corresponds to a predetermined gradient profile, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance from the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine, and (2) the presence of the second analysis substance associated with the target sample from the third substance detection routine is determined.

An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired one or more samples, respectively, and an output unit operatively coupled to the processing unit and configured to output one or more signals based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples. In certain embodiments, the one or more sampling modules includes a single use replaceable cartridge that mate with the housing of the apparatus and is discarded after single use. More specifically, each cartridge in certain embodiments is used to acquire the sample (breath, saliva etc.), which is processed using one or more routines described herein to determine the level of target substance(s) (THC, alcohol, or both THC and alcohol) in the acquired sample.

An apparatus in accordance with still yet further embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively to generate one or more signals based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the generated one or more signals corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, where the first analysis substance is the same as the second analysis substance, and further, where the one or more signals confirms the acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when a determined gradient corresponds to a predetermined gradient, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance and the detected second analysis substance.

An apparatus in yet still a further embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, and a third substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the second analysis substance, the processing unit further configured to generate an output signal based on the executed first, second and third substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, and further where the output signal confirms acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when (1) a determined gradient of the first analysis substance corresponds to a gradient profile, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance from the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine, and (2) the presence of the second analysis substance associated with the target sample from the third substance detection routine is determined.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to illustrate and provide a further understanding of the method and device of the disclosure. Together with the description, the drawings serve to explain the principles of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of the device for acute detection of target substance in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. I in accordance with one embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. I in accordance with another embodiment; and

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. 1 in accordance with another embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As summarized above and as described in further detail below, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, there are provided methods, devices, systems and kits for acute detection of target substance in one or more samples including, for example, oral fluid sample and/or exhaled breath.

In certain embodiments, the detection device is configured to receive a first sample from a sample source of a person such as oral fluid or exhaled breath, and to analyze the received sample to determine presence of a first substance, and to receive a second sample from the same person, and to analyze the received second sample to determine the presence of a second substance. In certain embodiments, when the detection device determines that the first substance is present in the first sample, and further, the second substance is present in the second sample, the detection device generates an indication or a signal associated with the confirmation of target substance presence in the sample source of the person. In certain embodiments, the first and the second samples are different samples such as oral fluid and exhaled breath. In certain embodiments, the first and the second samples are the same type of samples such as oral fluid or exhaled breath.

In certain embodiments, the detection device is programmed to analyze the first sample and the second sample concurrently. In certain embodiments, the second sample is acquired or received a predetermined time period after the first sample is acquired or received. For example, the second sample may be received within 5 minutes of receiving the first sample. In other embodiments, the second sample may be received within 10 minutes, within 15 minutes, within 20 minutes, within 25 minutes, within 30 minutes or more after receiving the first sample. In certain embodiments, the detection device is programmed to analyze the second sample differently based on when the second sample is received relative to when the first sample is received, in order to determine the presence of the first or the second substance for acute detection of the target substance.

In certain embodiments, the detection device is configured to receive, process and analyze one or more samples received to determine a relative gradient in the level of substance detected in the one or more samples received, for acute detection of the target substance. For example, in certain embodiments, the detection device is configured to analyze the samples to determine the substance levels over a predetermined time period such as 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, or greater than 30 minutes, for example, to identify the presence of a relative gradient or slope over the predetermined time period, to confirm acute presence of the target substance. In certain embodiments, the detection device, for a particular substance under detection, is programmed to confirm acute detection of the target substance when a positive gradient is determined over a specific time period. In other embodiments, the detection device is programmed to confirm acute detection of the target substance when a positive gradient is determined over a first time period, and a negative gradient is determined over a second time period. In certain embodiments, the first time period precedes the second time period. In certain embodiments, the first time period is shorter than the second time period.

In certain embodiments, the detection device uses different sampling techniques depending upon the type of sample received, such as one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,790,400, 8,518,653, 8,525,111, US Patent Publication No. 2012/0302907, and US Patent Publication No. 2012/0302907, disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference for all purposes.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of the device for acute detection of target substance in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to FIG. 1 , detection device 100 in certain embodiments includes a controller or processing unit 110 operatively coupled to data storage 150 and an input unit 120 and an output unit 130. In certain embodiments, processing unit 110 includes, but not limited to, one or more microprocessors, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), single core processor, multi core processors, system on a chip (SoC) or any other data processing unit that is configured or programmed to execute one or more algorithms or programs to execute one or more functions. Referring back to FIG. 1 , input unit 120 in certain embodiment includes one or more buttons, keyboards, keypads, touch-sensitive screen, pressure sensitive screen or any other input unit for inputting data or command for detection by the processing unit 110 for execution.

In certain embodiments, output unit 130 includes a visual display (for example, a screen, a touch sensitive screen, a color screen, a bit map screen or any other display component for displaying information), an audible output unit (for example, a speaker), a tactile output unit, or any other output component that is configured to output visual, tactile, audible, or a combination of such outputs, generated, for example, but the processing unit 110. Referring still to FIG. 1 , data storage 150 in certain embodiments includes one or more of random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable random access memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or any other types or variations of volatile memory or non-volatile memory.

In certain embodiments, detection device includes data communication unit 160 operatively coupled to the processing unit 110 for data communication. In certain embodiments, data communication unit 160 includes physical ports such as mini-USB ports, USB ports, RS-232 ports or any other wired connection ports to support data transfer or communication between the detection device and other device such as a personal computer, a mobile telephone, a tablet computing device, a server terminal, and/or with data network such as, for example, a public data network, a secured data network, a cloud data network, and the like. In other embodiments, the data communication unit 160 includes wireless data ports such as Bluetooth data ports, infrared data ports, RF communication ports, near field communication data ports, and the like. In certain embodiments, detection device does not include the data communication unit 160 and/or the analyzed data are stored in the data storage 150 of the detection device 100.

In certain embodiments, the detection device 100 is configured to communicate with the one or more other devices and/or one or more data networks for data transfer, device software upgrade, programming of detection device 100 (such as, for example, receiving or downloading predetermined gradient profiles for target substances of interest for analysis by the detection device 100.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in certain embodiments, detection device 100 includes one or more sampling modules 140A, 140B. For example, in certain embodiments, detection device 100 includes one sampling module 140A. In other embodiments, detection device 100 includes two or more sampling modules 140A, 140B, etc. In such embodiments where multiple sampling modules 140A, 140B etc. are provided in the detection device 100, the processing unit 110 is configured to execute sampling algorithms to operate the sampling modules 140A, 140B, etc., such that each of the plurality of sampling modules 140A, 140B, etc. performs sampling routines that are the same or different sampling routines from each other.

In certain embodiments sample modules 140A, 140B are single use replaceable cartridges that mate with the housing of the detection device 100 and are discarded or retained for evidentiary purposes after each use. The housing of the detection device 100 in certain embodiments is configured to releasably mate with the housing of the cartridge so that the cartridge can be easily and readily replaced after each use. Further, in certain embodiments, the single use cartridge includes an inlet such as an inlet vent that is configured to receive breath samples by having a person exhale into the inlet vent of the cartridge, and the cartridge retain the breath sample for analysis. In certain embodiments, the single use cartridge includes sample acquisition areas around or proximate to the inlet vent to acquire saliva sample when the person places his or her mouth around the inlet vent to exhale. In such configurations, both breath sample and saliva sample are acquired from the single use cartridge.

In certain embodiments, processing unit 110 is configured to detect the type of sample (oral fluid, exhaled breath etc.), and based on the detected sample type, retrieve the suitable sampling algorithm to operate the sampling modules. For example, in certain embodiments, sampling module 140A and sampling module 140B are configured to perform one of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry on the received sample, under the control of the processing unit 110. In certain embodiments, the detection device includes multiple sampling modules 140A, 140B, both programmed to perform the same type of sampling procedure.

In this manner, in certain embodiments, detection device 100 is configured to receive one or more same or different type of samples, and perform analysis on the received one or more samples using the same or different sampling techniques to detect one or plural substances. Upon detection of the one or more substances, detection device 100 in certain embodiments is configured to generate an output signal (visual, audible, vibratory, or one or more combinations thereof), confirming acute detection of the target substance. In certain embodiments, target substance includes one or more of cannabis, alcohol, codeine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, or other substance of abuse. In certain embodiments, substances for detection in the samples include one or more of cannabinoid including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11OH-THC), 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH), alcohol, codeine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, or other substance of abuse or its metabolites.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit 110 confirms the presence of detectable substances based on the sample analysis when a predetermined amount of the substance is detected in the sample, for example, in microgram, nanogram or picogram range or level. Upon detection confirmation of the detectable substance, in certain embodiments, processing unit 110 confirms acute presence of target substance. For example, in certain embodiments, the processing unit 110 of the detection device 100 is configured to provide a positive indication of acute detection of cannabis based on detection of one or more metabolites of cannabis such as 11-OH-THC or THC-COOH. In certain embodiments, processing unit 110 analyzes temporally spaced sample acquisition, and determines one or more gradients of the detectable substance level based on sample analysis, based upon which the processing unit confirms acute presence of target substance.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 2 , in certain embodiments, the first sample under analysis is acquired (210) by sampling module 140A and analyzed (220) by the processing unit 110 operatively coupled to the sampling module 140A. The processing unit 110 determines whether the first substance is detected in the first sample (230), and if not, the routine returns to analyze the first sample (220) again. Concurrent with the acquisition of the first sample (210), a second sample is acquired by sampling module 140B (240) and analyzed (250) by the processing unit 110 that is operatively coupled to the second sampling module 140B. The processing unit determines whether the second substance is detected in the second sample (260), and if not, the routine returns to analyze the second sample again (250).

Referring back to FIG. 2 , when the processing unit 110 determines that the first substance is detected (230) and the second substance is detected (260), in certain embodiments, the processing unit 110 generates one or more signals indicating acute detection of target substance (270), and outputs an indication at the output unit (130) corresponding to the acute detection of the target substance. In certain embodiments, the second sample is acquired after the first sample, such that the processing unit 110 is configured to perform the acquisition (240), analysis (250) and detection of the second substance (260) in the first sample, after the processing unit 110 has performed acquisition (210), analysis (220) and detection of the first substance (230) in the first sample. In further embodiments, the source of the first sample and the second sample are the same such that the same or similar sampling techniques are used by the sampling module 140A and sampling module 140B under the control of the processing unit 110. Further, in still other embodiments, additional samples may be acquired, analyzed and processed for detection of additional substances.

In certain embodiments, the first and second substances are the same substances having the same or similar chemical composition or characteristics. In other embodiments, the first and second substances for detection may be related but different substances. For example, in certain embodiments, the first substance for detection is THC and the second substance for detection is a metabolite of THC such as, for example, 11-OH-THC. In certain embodiments, the first substance for detection is a first metabolite of THC such as, for example, THC-COOH, and the second substance for detection is a second metabolite of THC such as, for example, 11-OH-THC. In still further embodiments, the first substance for detection is THC and the second substance for detection is alcohol. In still further embodiments, the first substance for detection is THC and the second substance for detection is alcohol whereby the acute detection of target substance (270) includes detection of both cannabis and alcohol as target substances. In yet still further embodiments, the first substance for detection is THC and the second substance for detection is one or more of codeine, cocaine, morphine, methamphetamine, or other substance of abuse.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. 1 in accordance with another embodiment. Referring to FIG. 3 , in certain embodiments, first sample for a sample source such as oral fluid or exhaled breath is acquired by sampling module 140A (310) and analyzed (320). After a predetermined time from the acquisition of the first sample (for example, after 5 minutes, or 10 minutes, or 15 minutes, or 20 minutes, 25 minutes or 30 minutes or greater), a second sample from the same sample source is acquired (330) and analyzed (340).

After analysis of the first and second samples, a gradient is determined in certain embodiments by the processing unit 110 based on the difference between the level of substance detected in the first sample and the level of substance detected in the second sample (350). When the determined gradient corresponds to a predetermined gradient profile, processing unit 110 is configured to generate one or more signals corresponding to acute detection of target substance (360). For example, in certain embodiments, the gradient profile includes a positive slope between the level of detected first substance and the level of detected second substance. In certain embodiments, the gradient profile includes a negative slope. Within the scope of the present disclosure, the gradient profile corresponding to the acute detection of target substance may vary depending upon the target substance for acute detection. In certain embodiments, one or more gradient profiles may be stored in the data storage unit 150 which is retrieved by the processing unit 110 for comparison with the generated or determined gradient based on the levels of first and second substances, and/or based on the half-life data or profile of the target substance and/or the first and second substances.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating acute detection algorithm executed by the device of FIG. 1 in accordance with another embodiment. Referring to FIG. 4 , samples are acquired and analyzed for detection of the respective substances (410-460) similar to the corresponding routines discussed above in conjunction with steps 210-260 of FIG. 2 . As discussed above, the sample acquisitions (410, 440) may be concurrently performed, or serially performed such that the one of the two samples is acquired after the other of the two samples. Referring back to FIG. 4 , after the detection of the substances for analysis, the processing unit 110 determines a gradient based on the level of the detected substances. Similar to the gradient analysis discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 3 , the processing unit 110 generates one or more signals indicating acute detection of the target substance when the determined one or more gradients correspond to or matches with the one or more gradient profiles for the substances under analysis.

Referring back to FIG. 4 , in certain embodiments, detection device 100 is configured to acquire sample (410) under analysis by sampling module 140A and analyzed (420) by the processing unit 110 operatively coupled to the sampling module 140A. The processing unit 110 determines whether the substance is detected in the sample (430), and if not, the routine returns to analyze the sample (420) again. In certain embodiments, the processing unit 110 determines the presence and the level of the detected substance in the sample (430). After a predetermined amount of time from detection and determination of the level of the substance (430), the detection device 100 in certain embodiments performs sample acquisition (410), sample analysis (420) and substance detection (430) routines again to determine the level of the detected substance in another sample. In certain embodiments, processing unit 100 is configured to perform the sub-routines 410-430 two or more times to determine two or more levels of detected substance under analysis (470) which is used to determine a gradient based on the analysis of the samples. The determined gradient in certain embodiments is used for comparison to a predetermined gradient profile of the substance under analysis to confirm acute detection of target substance (480).

As discussed above, one or more of the sub-routines 410-430 may be repeated until the detection device 100 confirms the detection of the substance (430) to generate multiple levels of detected substance. Referring back to FIG. 4 , in certain embodiments, another sample is acquired by sampling module 140B (440) and analyzed (450) by the processing unit 110 that is operatively coupled to the second sampling module 140B. The processing unit 100 determines whether the substance is detected in the other sample (460), and if not, the routine returns to analyze the other sample (450) again. In certain embodiments, the processing unit 110 determines the presence and the level of the detected substance in the other sample (460). After a predetermined amount of time from detection and determination of the level of the substance (460), the detection device 100 in certain embodiments performs sample acquisition (440) of the other sample, sample analysis (450) and substance detection (460) routines again to determine the level of the detected substance in the other sample. In certain embodiments, processing unit 100 is configured to perform the sub-routines 410-430 two or more times to determine two or more levels of detected substance under analysis (470) which is used to determine a gradient based on the analysis of the samples. The determined gradient in certain embodiments is used for comparison to a predetermined gradient profile of the substance under analysis to confirm acute detection of target substance (480).

In certain embodiments, the detection device 100 detects the presence and the levels of THC and the presence and the levels of its metabolite such as, for example, but not limited to, 11-OH-THC, and thereafter, performs the gradient analysis to confirm acute detection of cannabis in the samples providing a positive indication of cannabis use within a predetermined time from the sample acquisition (for example, within 1-2 hours before sample acquisition, less than an hour before sample acquisition, within 2-3 hours before sample acquisition, within 3-4 hours of sample acquisition, within 4-5 hours of sample acquisition, or within 8 hours of sample acquisition).

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, there is provided a method including performing acquisition of a sample having a plurality of analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively; and generating an output signal based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the acute detection of target substance in the sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes oral fluid sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes exhaled breath sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance include cannabis.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample. Further, in certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the sample acquisition is performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

A method in accordance with another embodiment includes performing acquisition of a sample having one or more analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively, generating an output signal based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the presence in the sample of target substance associated with the one or more of the analysis substances, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, where the first analysis substance is the same as the second analysis substance, and further, where the output signal confirms the acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when a determined gradient corresponds to a predetermined gradient, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance and the detected second analysis substance.

The sample in certain embodiments includes oral fluid sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes exhaled breath sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance include cannabis.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample. Further, in certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the sample acquisition is performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

A method in still a further embodiment includes performing acquisition of a sample having one or more analysis substances, executing, using one or more processors, a first substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, and a third substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the second analysis substance, and generating an output signal based on the executed first, second and third substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to the presence in the sample of target substance associated with the one or more of the analysis substances, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine and further where the output signal confirms acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when (1) a determined gradient of the first analysis substance corresponds to a predetermined gradient profile, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance from the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine, and (2) the presence of the second analysis substance associated with the target sample from the third substance detection routine is determined.

The sample in certain embodiments includes oral fluid sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes exhaled breath sample.

The sample in certain embodiments includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance include cannabis.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample. Further, in certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the sample acquisition is performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired one or more samples, respectively, and an output unit operatively coupled to the processing unit and configured to output one or more signals based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes oral fluid sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance or substances include cannabis, alcohol, or cannabis and alcohol.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample.

In certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

In certain embodiments, the one or more sampling module includes a single use disposable cartridge.

An apparatus in accordance with still yet further embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine and a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance and the second analysis substance in the acquired sample, respectively to generate one or more signals based on the executed first and second substance detection routines, wherein the generated one or more signals corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, where the first analysis substance is the same as the second analysis substance, and further, where the one or more signals confirms the acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when a determined gradient corresponds to a predetermined gradient, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance and the detected second analysis substance.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes oral fluid sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance or substances include cannabis, alcohol, or cannabis and alcohol.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample.

In certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

In certain embodiments, the one or more sampling module includes a single use disposable cartridge.

An apparatus in yet still a further embodiment includes one or more sampling modules configured to acquire one or more samples having one or more analysis substances, a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules configured to execute a first substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, a second substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the first analysis substance, and a third substance detection routine for detecting the presence of the second analysis substance, the processing unit further configured to generate an output signal based on the executed first, second and third substance detection routines, wherein the output signal corresponds to acute detection of target substance in the one or more samples, where the second substance detection routine is performed within a predetermined time period after the completion of the first substance detection routine, and further where the output signal confirms acute detection of the target substance in the acquired sample when (1) a determined gradient of the first analysis substance corresponds to a gradient profile, where the gradient is determined based on the level of the detected first analysis substance from the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine, and (2) the presence of the second analysis substance associated with the target sample from the third substance detection routine is determined.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes oral fluid sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the sample includes a combination of oral fluid sample and exhaled breath sample.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine simultaneously.

In certain embodiments, the processing unit is configured to perform the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine sequentially.

In certain embodiments, the target substance or substances include cannabis, alcohol, or cannabis and alcohol.

In certain embodiments, the plurality of analysis substances includes cannabinoid and one or more metabolites of cannabinoids. Further, in certain embodiments, the cannabinoid includes tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and further, wherein the one or more metabolites includes cannabinol (CBN), 11-Hydroxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), or 11-nor-9-Carboxy-THC (THC-COOH).

In certain embodiments, the output signal corresponds to acute presence of the target substance in the acquired sample indicating exposure of the sample to the target substance within a predetermined time period prior to obtaining the sample.

In certain embodiments, the predetermined time period includes one or more of less than 30 minutes from sample acquisition, between 30 minutes to one hour from sample acquisition, between one hour and two hours from sample acquisition, between two hours and three hours from sample acquisition, between three hours and four hours from sample acquisition, or more than four hours from sample acquisition.

In certain embodiments, the first substance detection routine and the second substance detection routine are performed using one or more of mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

In certain embodiments, the one or more sampling module includes a single use disposable cartridge.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and alterations in the methods, devices, and systems of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the present disclosure as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present disclosure and that structures and methods within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: one or more sampling modules configured to receive one or more samples from a person, the one or more samples including a first analysis substance that is indicative of or corresponds to a first target substance; and a processing unit operatively coupled to the one or more sampling modules and configured to: at a first time, perform a first set of steps to determine a first amount of the first analysis substance in the one or more samples; at a second time, perform a second set of steps to determine a second amount of a second analysis substance in the one or more samples, wherein the second time is a first time period after completion of the first set of steps; determine a gradient based on the first amount and the second amount; and generate one or more signals that are based on the determined gradient and indicative of at least one of a presence or amount of the first target substance.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second analysis substance is indicative of or corresponds to the first target substance.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the second analysis substance is the same as the first analysis substance.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processing unit generates the one or more signals by comparing the gradient to a predetermined gradient.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an output component operatively coupled to the processing unit, the output component generating an output that is based on the one or more signals.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first set of steps includes a first sampling process performed under control of the processing unit.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the second set of steps includes a second sampling process performed under control of the processing unit.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first sampling process is the same as the second sampling process.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, each of the first sampling process and the second sampling process corresponds to at least one mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein performing the first set of steps includes executing a first routine to determine the amount of the first analysis substance, and wherein performing the second set of steps includes executing a second route to determine the amount of the second analysis substance.
 11. A method comprising: receiving one or more samples for one or more analysis substances, the one or more analysis samples including a first analysis substance that is indicative of or corresponds to a first target substance; at a first time, performing a first set of steps to determine a first amount of the first analysis substance in the one or more samples; at a second time, performing a second set of steps to determine a second amount of a second analysis substance in the one or more samples, wherein the second time is a first time period after completion of the first set of steps; determining a gradient based on the first amount and the second amount; and generating one or more signals that are based on the determined gradient and indicative of at least one of a presence or amount of the first target substance.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the second analysis substance is indicative of or corresponds to the first target substance.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second analysis substance is the same as the first analysis substance.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the one or more signals includes comparing the gradient to a predetermined gradient.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: generating an output that is based on the one or more signals.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the first set of steps includes a first sampling process performed under control of a processing unit.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second set of steps includes a second sampling process performed under control of the processing unit.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first sampling process is the same as the second sampling process.
 19. The method of claim 11, each of the first set of steps and the second set of steps corresponds to at least one mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high pressure mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, or two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein performing the first set of steps includes executing a first routine to determine the amount of the first analysis substance, and wherein performing the second set of steps includes executing a second route to determine the amount of the second analysis substance. 